597. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES RESPECTING CERTAIN AUTHORS CITED IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
THE following notices comprise those authors only from whose works Swedenborg has cited passages, or to whose plates he has made detailed reference. Many of the names in the preceding Index are simply mentioned by him, or else occur in the passages that he quotes from other authors; and therefore it has appeared unnecessary to dwell upon them here. In general, only those particulars are given that connect the authors with the "Animal Kingdom;" none of their works being noticed but those to which Swedenborg refers, nor their discoveries dwelt upon unless they illustrate his doctrines.
These notices are principally drawn from the following works:
Haller's "Bibliotheca Anatomica," 2 vols. 4to., Zurich, 1774-1777.
Eloy's "Dictionnaire Historique de la Medecine ancienne et moderne," 4 vols. 4to., Mons., 1778.
The "Biographie Universelle," 52 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1811-1828.
Chambers' "Biographical Dictionary," 32 vols. Bvo., London, 1812-1817.
Aikin's "General Biography," 10 vols. 4to., London, 1799-1815.
The "Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the diffusion of Useful Knowledge," 27 vols., London, 1833-1843.
For the most part these notices lay claim to no greater accuracy than is guaranteed by the above sources.
BARTHOLIN or BARTHOLINE, THOMAS, a Danish physician and anatomist, born at Copenhagen in 1616, died at the same place in 1680. I. Thomas Partholin published the "Institutiones Anatomicae" of his father, Caspar Bartholin, under the title, "Anatomia ex Caspari Bartholini parentis Institutionibus, omniumque recentiorum et propriis observationibus locupletata;" 8vo., Leyden, 1641; and the work was translated into various languages. It appeared a second time with additions, 8vo., Leyden, 1645. A third time, with further additions, 8vo.,
Leyden, 1651; 8vo., the Hague, 1655, 1666, 1663, 1666; 8vo., Leyden and Rotterdam, 1669. This third edition of Bartholin was translated into English, folio, London, 1668. The work appeared a fourth time, with the new anatomical discoveries of Steno, Swammerdam, Regner de Graaf, and Ruysch, 8vo., Leyden, 1673; 8vo., Ibid., 1686; 8vo., Lyons, 1677; 8vo., Ibid., 1684. It was the common text-book in the schools until the publication of Verheyen's Anatomy in 1693. II. T. Bartholin's "Acts Medics et philosophica Hafniensia," a work containing many contributions from his pupils and others, and some papers of his own, was published in 5 volumes, 4to., Copenhagen, 1671-1680.
BIDLOO, GODFREY, A Dutch anatomist, born at Amsterdam in 1649, died at Leyden in 1713. He published 105 folio plates, representing the anatomy of different parts of the body, which were admirable as works of art, having been engraved by G. de Lairesse, but deficient in point of accuracy. ("Anatomia Corporis humani rentum et quinque tabulis per artificiosissimum G. de Lairesse ad vivum delineatis demonstrate, and c., Amstelodami, 1685, in fol. maximo regali.") This work was republished with some additions by Cowper. (See Cowper.)
BOERHAAVE, HERMANN, the most celebrated physician of his age, Born in 1668, at Voorhout, near Leyden, in Holland, died at Leyden in 1737. He was the author of numerous works of high reputation on medicine and the collateral sciences. His "Institutiones Medicie in usus annuse exercitationis domesticos digests," was published in 8vo., Leyden, 1708, 1713, 17'20, 1727, 1734, and 1746. The edition of 1708 was a very small work, but the following editions were gradually enlarged, until that of 1727, after which nothing was added. This work has been reprinted frequently in different countries, and translated into various languages, having been a text-book in the medical schools of Europe for many years. It is doubtful what edition was made use of by Swedenborg. Haller, who was a pupil of Boerhaave, published his lectures under the title, "Prslectiones in Institutiones Rei Medicae," 7 vols. 8vo., Gottingen, 1739-1744; and the work, together with the "Institutiones," was translated into English, (but without mentioning Haller's name,) as "Dr. Boerhaave's Academical Lectures on the Theory of Physic," 6 vols. 8vo., London, 1742; and ed. 2, 1751. Besides this there are two English translations of Boerhaave's "Institutiones;" one by Dr. Browne; the other, rather a paraphrase than a translation, by Dr. John Crawford, entitled, "Cursus Medicinse; or a Complete Theory of Physic, Lee. Done principally from those, learned institutions of the learned H. Boerhaave," and c., 8vo., London, 1724. These versions give no idea of Boerhaave's terse and comprehensive style. His fame is founded upon his "Institutiones Medicce" and "Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis." Perhaps no book of equal size in the literature of medicine involves more thought and learning- than the former of these works. The first portion of it contains an eclectic system of physiology, mechanical, chemical, and humoral. Boerhaave contends for the existence of the animal spirits, elaborated in the cortex cerebri, and adduces many rational grounds for his belief. (Inst. Med. n. 271-285.) It is said that Swedenborg attended his instructions, at the same time as Monro, the reputed discoverer of the foramen of Monro; but this is uncertain. It is, however, clear that Swedenborg was a diligent student of Boerhaave's works, and his style in many parts of the "Regnum Animale" cannot fail to remind the reader of the rapid manner and full sentences of Boerhaave: see as examples Swedenborg's descriptions of the spleen, the cuticle, and the cutis. To Boerhaave the world is greatly indebted for the preservation of Swammerdarn's posthumous works. (See Swammerdam.) Haller terms him "the common preceptor of Europe at the beginning of the eighteenth century;" and says of him as a physiologist, that "he was wont to recognize many causes contributing to every function, and not, as sectaries do, to rest in some single cause, to the suppression of all the rest."
BRUNN or BRUNNER1 J. CONRAD A, a Swiss physician, born at Diessenhofen in 1653, died at Manheim in 1727. His work entitled, "Glandulse Duodeni, seu Pancreas secundarium detectum, accedit Dissertatio de Glandulae Pituitariae," was published in 4to., Frankfort and Heidelberg, 1715. There are two editions anterior to this, one of 1687, the other of 1688, but under the title, "De Glandulis in Duodeno intestine detectis." Brunn, like Swedenborg, holds that the pituitary is a conglobate gland, and the percolator of the lymphs of the brain.
CHESELDEN, WILLIAM, An English surgeon and anatomist, born at Somerby in Leicestershire, in 1688, died in 1752. I. "Treatise on the high operation for the Stone," Svo., London, 1723. II. "The Anatomy of the Humane Body," Svo., London, 1713, 1722, 1726, 1730, 1741, 1750, 1752, 1778. This is an excellent anatomical treatise.
COWPER, WILLIAM, an English surgeon and anatomist, died in London in 1710. I. His "Myotomia Reformata, or a new administration of all the muscles of the human body," was published in 8vo., London, 1694; and a second edition, more correct than the first, by Dr. R. Mead, folio, London, 1724. II. "The Anatomy of Human Bodies," folio, Oxford, 1697; folio, London, 1698; edited by C. B. Albinus, fol. max., Leyden, 1737; folio, Utrecht, 1750. This work contains the 105 plates of Bidloo, with certain alterations in his explanatory text, and 40 figures in nine plates proper to Cowper. The latter made no sufficient acknowledgment of his debt to Bidloo, who therefore accused him of plagiarism, before the Royal Society; a charge which he met by a lame defence in a malicious pamphlet called "Eucharistia."
EUSTACHIUS, BARTHOLOMAEUS, a celebrated Italian anatomist, born in the early part of the sixteenth century st San Severino, in the Marquisate of Ancona, died at Rome in 1570, or 1574. I. Eustachius published only a few short treatises, which are nearly all collected in his "Opuscula Anatomica: nempe de renum structure, officio et administratione; de organis auditus; ossium examen; de motu capitis; de Vent quse aguyog Grsecis dicitur, et de alil quae in flexu brachii communem profundam producit; de dentibus." This work was published in 4to., Venice, 1563, 1564; with the notes of Pinus, ibid., 1574; again in 1653; by Boerhaave, 8vo., Leyden, 1707; 8vo., Delft, 1726. It was one of the first works of the kind, founded upon repeated dissections, and upon the comparison of different subjects; and is of authority even in the present day. II. Eustachius devoted many years to a great work, "De Anatomicorum Controversiis," which, however, he never published, and the manuscript is lost: but thirty-nine copper plates, engraved as early as 1552, and intended to illustrate the text of this work, were found at Urbino in 1712, and given to the world two years afterwards by Lancisi, with the aid of Morgagni and other distinguished anatomists. ("Eustachii Tabulae Anatomicae, quas e tenebris tandem vindicates, praefatione notisque illustravit Joannes Maria Lancisi," folio, Rome, 1714.) Several editions of this work have appeared with volnminous commentaries; by Manget, at the end of his "Theatrum Anatomicum," folio, Geneva, 1717; folio, Amsterdam, 1722; folio, Rome, 1728, an excellent edition; by Gaston Petrioli, folio, Pome, 1740; by B. S. Albinus, folio, Leyden, 1744 and 1762. This work contains the thirty nine plates which had been discovered, and eight others that were already known. The best editions are those of Albinus. Swedenborg used that of Manget, which is not a good edition. It comprises the forty-seven plates in twenty-one, and in other respects is a reprint of Lancisi's edition. Haller describes Eustachius as a man of keen powers, with a natural aptitude for discovery, and for delicate and difficult anatomical investigations, who embraced in his labors a larger field, and made more discoveries, and corrections of previous errors, than any other anatomist.
FANTONI or FANTONUS1 JOANNES, born at Turin in 1675, died in 1758. I. "Dissertationes Anatomicse XI.," 8vo., Turin, 1701. II. "Anatomia corporis humani ad usum Theatri Medici accommodata," 4to., ibid., 1711. This edition, which is, in fact, a part of the preceding work, relates to the anatomy of the abdomen and thorax only. III. "Dissertationes Anatomicae septem priores renovatse, de Abdomine," 8vo., ibid., 1745.
GLISSON, FRANCIS, an English physician, born at Rampisham in Dorsetshire in 1597, died at London in 1677. I. His "Anatomia Hepatis" was published in 8vo., London, 1654; 12mo., Amsterdam, 1659 and 1665; 12mo., the Hague, 1681. The last-named edition is said to be the best. II. His "Tractatus de Ventriculo et Intestinis," was published in 4to., London, 1676; 12mo., Amsterdam, 1677. Both the preceding works are given in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica." Glisson's works were collected and published at Leyden in 3 vols. 12mo., in 1691 and 1711. ("Opera Omnia Medico-Anatomica.") Boerhaave describes Glisson as "the most exact of anatomists." According to Haller, he was the first who investigated the nature of fibre, and who contradistinguished irritability from sensibility; yet his doctrine in this respect must have been unlike the modern one, for with him "irritabilitas supponit perceptionem," and "naturalis perceptio fibris insit." (Tr. de Vent., tr. ii., cap vii.) Respecting the animal spirits, he says: "dari spiritus animales haud gravatim concessero. Omnes prope Medici omnesyue philosophi uno quasi ore idem testantur." (Ibid., cap. viii.)
GRAAF, RECTNER DE, a Dutch physician, born at Schoonhove in 1641, died at Delft in 1673. I. His treatise, "De Succo Pancreatico," or "Disputatio Medica de Natura et usu Succi Pancreatici," was published in 12mo., Leyden, 1664; and again with additions, 8vo., 1671 and 1674; and translated into French, 12mo., Paris, 1666. II. "De Virorum organis generationi inservientibus, Lee.," 8vo., Leyden and Rotterdam, 1668, 1670, 1672. De Graaf introduced the anatomical syringe and made use of liquid injections. His works were collected after his death.
("Opera Omnia," 8vo., Leyden, 1677; 8vo., 1678; 8vo., Amsterdam, 1705.)
HEISTER, LAURENCE, a German anatomist and surgeon, born at Frankfort on the Maine in 1683, died at Helmstadt in 1758. His "Compendium Anatomicum veterum recentiorumque observationes brevissime complectens," was published in 4to., Altorf, 1717; 8vo., Altorf and Nuremberg, 1719, 1727, 1732, 1741, 1761; 8vo., Amsterdam, 1723, 1748; 4to., Freyberg, 1726; 8vo., Venice, 1730: in English, 8vo., London, 1721, 1752. It was translated into nearly all the languages of Europe. (See Senac.) Many additions were made to it in the edition of 1732, and again in that of 1741. It is uncertain what edition was made use of by Swedenborg. Heister's workis in the tabular form. Verheyen's Anatomy, which had superseded T. Bartholin's, was in its turn superseded by Heister's, which met with immense and well-merited success, and maintained its ground for a long time in the medical schools of Europe. Heister regarded anatomy as the handmaid of theology: and he has the following fine passage respecting the ends of anatomy: "Finis anatomes multiplex est: primarius tamen est operum mirabilium Supremi Numinis in corpore humane aliorumclue animalium cognitio et admiratio: cum artificiosissimae fabricse contemplatio, partium admiranda figura, connexio, municatio, actio et usus, Creatoris non solum existentiam, sed ct immensam et stupendam sapientiam manifestissime, contra atheos, demonstrent, et ad cultum ac venerationem ejus invitent; ideoque finis primarius Anatomiie gloria Dei esto. Atque hoc sensu Anatomia Philosophica, aut Physica, imo Theologicavocari potest, omnibus verse sapientiae sc Theologiae cultoribus utilissima." ("Comp. Anat.," n. 8.) Heister wrote several special treatises on the application of anatomy to Theology. (De Utilitate Anatomes in theologih generatim, 4to., Altorf, 1717: ex ventriculi fabricae, 4to., 1719: ex fabricae intestinorum tenuium, 4to., 1720: et ex intestinorum crassorum fabricae, 4to., 1720: ex musculis et mirabili corporis motu, 4to., Helmstadt, 1721: ex nervis, 4to., 1721: ex partibus generationis, 4to., 1723: ex ossibus et eorum nexibus, 4to., 1727: ex mammis, 4to., 1730.)
LANCISI, JOANNES MARIA, an Italian physician, anatomist, and physiologist, born at Rome in 1654, died in 1721. I. His "Epistola de humorum secretionibus in genere, et preciyue de bills in hepate separatione cum historia hepatis," or, "Epistola de bibs secretione ad Joannem Baptistam Bianchi," was published in 4to., Turin, 1711: 4to., Geneva, 1725; and with his "Opera Omnia," 4to., Geneva, 1118; 2 vols. 4to., 1725; folio, Venice, 1739; 4 vols. 4to., Rome, 1745. II. His "Dissertatio de Vent sine pari," was published with Morgagni's "Adversaria Anatomica" V. (See Morgagni.) III. His work, "De Motu cordis et Aneurys-matibus," commenced in 1700, was published after the author's death, folio, Rome, 1728; 4to., ibid., 1735; 4to., Naples, 1738 ; folio, Venice, 1731) ; 4to., Leyden, 1713. IV. Lancisi edited the plates of Eustachius. (See Eustachius.) He was a man of philosophical tendencies, and the first portion of his work on the motion of the heart is admirable in this respect. He gives the following good advice to the students of medicine: "Interim vero futurum consulo, ut medicinm tyrones agnoscant, atque identidem revocent in memoriam, permagni interesse ad naturae operam (cum ape inveniendi) nunquam accedere, quin prius leges, ac principia, (luibus turn natura, tum ars operatur, apud animum suum consuluerint: unum enim, idemque Divinum exemplar tum natura, et ars propriis in actionibus, tum philosophus in rectis cogitationibus semper imitatur." He recommends the study of analogies, for says he: "Pleraque in re medicl per analogiam inventa sunt." (Op. cit., lib. i., sec. i., cap. iii., prop. xvii.)
LEEUWENHOEK, LEEUWENBOECK, or LEUWENHOECK1 ANTONY VON, a celebrated Dutch microscopist, and maker of microscopes, born at Delft in 1632, died in 1723. I. His "Arcana Natura: detecta" was published in 4to., Delft, 1695; 4to., Leyden, 1722. II. "Continuatio Arcanorum Nature detectorum," 4to., Delft, 1697; 4to., Leyden, 1722. III. "Epistolae Physiologicae," 4to., Delft, 1719. Many of this author's works consist of letters which were inserted in the "Philosophical Transactions." They were mostly published in Dutch, and afterwards translated into Latin. Leeuwenhoek devoted himself unintermittingly for fifty years to the use of the microscope, apparently without any other end than the accumulation of experimental knowledge; for he neither attempted to found a theory, nor to draw conclusions: nevertheless, he pursued his minute researches with too much singleness, not to have elicited many facts which were of use to others .
MALPIGI, IMARCELLUS, a celebrated Italian anatomist, born near Bologna in 1628, died at Rome in 1694. I. He published his "Epistolae duae de Pulmonibus," folio, Bologna, 1661; and the work was reprinted by Bartholin, 8vo., Copenhagen, 1663; 12mo., Leyden, 1672; in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica;" and 12mo., Frankfort, 1678. II. "Tetras Anatomicarum Epistolarum, De Lingul, de Cerebro, de externo Tactus Organo, De Omento, de Pinguedine ct Adiposis Ductibus," 12mo., Bologna, 1661, 1665; 12mo., Amsterdam, 1669. III. "De Viscerum structurae exercitationes anatomicae, accedit Dissertatio de Polypo Cordis," 4to., Bologna, 1666; 12mo., Amsterdam, 1669 ; 12mo., London, 1669; 12mo., Jena, 1677, 1683; 12mo., Frankfort, 1678: in French, 12mo., Paris, 1683; by Sauvalle, 12mo., Montpellier, 1683; 8vo., 1687. These dissertations are five in number.
1. De Hepate.
2. De Cerebri Cortice.
3. De Renibus.
4. De Liene.
5. De Polypo Cordis. IV. "Dissertatio Epistolica de Formatione Pulli in Ovo," 4to., London, 1673; in French, 12mo., Paris, 1686. V. "Dissertatio Epistolica de Bombyce," 4to., London, 1669: in French, 12mo., Paris, 1686. The works written by Malpighi until 1681 were published with the title of "Opera Omnia," 2 tom., folio, London, 1686, 1687; and 2 tom., 4to., Leyden and Amsterdam, 1687. The Dutch edition is the best, and has a valuable index: the London edition is inaccurate. VI. "Epistola de Glandulis Conglobatis," 4to., London, 1689; 4to., Leyden, 1690. VII. Malpighi's "Opera Posthuma" appeared infolio, London, 1697; 2 vols. 4to., Leyden and Amsterdam, 1698, 1700; folio, Venice, 1698. The London edition of the Posthuma is very incorrect; the Dutch edition somewhat better. The whole of Malpighi's works were published by Gavinelli, folio, Venice, 1743. Most of his works have been reprinted in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica." Several of the best of them were addressed to the Royal Society of London, of which Malpighi was an honorary member. He wrote in crabbed and difficult Latin, so that it is sometimes almost impossible to guess his meaning. He was one of the first who made use of the microscope in anatomical investigations, and who endeavored to penetrate the intimate structure of the viscera experimentally; in this he was very successful, and laid the foundation of our present knowledge of visceral anatomy. His works on the viscera are constantly appealed to in the present day, but have never been translated into English. He was a sagacious observer, and by no means destitute of method, and philosophical instinct. In philosophy, Malpighi was a follower of Borelli, who, according to Haller, was the first that applied mathematics to physiology.
MANGETUS or MANGET, JOANNES JACOBUS, a laborious compiler, born at Geneva in 1652, died at the same place in 1742. His "Theatrum Anatomicum cum Eustachii Tabulis Anatomicis," was published in 2 vols., folio, Cologne and Geneva, 1716. This compilation is not in much esteem: nevertheless it will be useful to the student of the "Animal Kingdom," from the number of well-executed plates by the best authors which it contains, and from its embodying nearly all the discoveries of the 17th century. It was severely handled by Morgagni throughout his "Adversaria Anatomica" II.-VI.; and by Heister in the preface to his "Compendium Anatomicum." Le Clerc and Manget published together a large work entitled, "Bibliotheca Anatomica," 2 vols., folio, 1685; 2 vols., folio, Geneva, 1699. An abridgement of it was published in English, 3 vols. 4to., London, 1711. This work is chiefly a thesaurus of the anatomists of the 17th century.
MORGAGNI, JOANNES BAPTISTA, a celebrated Italian anatomist, born at Forli in Romania in 1682, died in 1771. His "Adversaria Anatomica prima" was published in 4to., Bologna, 1706. It is a small work, but, as Haller says, almost entirely consisting of new discoveries, or of more clear descriptions of parts than had been given previously. Morgagni's account of the "appendices ventriculorum" in the larynx has been overlooked by later anatomists, and the same cavities have been recently brought forward as a new discovery under the name of "sacculi laryngis." Five other collections of "Adversaria" were afterwards published by Morgagni; namely, "Adversaria Anatomica" II., 4to., Padua, 1717: III., 4to., ibid., 1717: IV., 4to., ibid., 1719: V., 4to., ibid., 1719: VI., 4to., ibid., 1719. They were all published together as "Adversaria Anatomica Omnia," 4to., Padua, 1719; 4to., Leyden, 1723, 1740. According to Haller, Morgagni did not describe the parts of the human body as if their form was one and constant; but noting the varieties in different subjects, gathered from a number of accordant instances what might be considered as the usual fabric; and in thus eliciting generalized facts excelled all previous anatomists, perhaps with the exception of Eustachius.
NUCK, ANTONY, a German by birth, but professor of anatomy at Leyden, born about 1660, died in 1692. His "Adenographia Curiosa, et uteri anatome nova, cum Epistoll de inventis novis," was published in 8vo., Leyden, 1692 and 1696; with Reverhorst's Treatise, A De Motu bibs Circulari, 8vo., Leyden, 1722, 1723 (see Reverhorst); and also printed in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica." The greater part of Nuck's works was published in 3 vols. 12mo., Lyons, 1722. The whole were collected and published as his "Opera Omnia," 2 vols., Leyden, 1733. Nuck skilfully injected the lymphatics with mercury, and made use of the air-pump as an appliance for this purpose.
PEYER, JEAN CONRAD, born at Schaffhausen in 1653, died in 1712. His "Exercitatio anatomico-medica de'glandulis intestinorum, eorumque usu et affectionibus," and c., was published in 8vo., Schaffhausen, 1677; in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica;" also in 8vo., Amsterdam, 1682. Peyer described the glandulae agminatse of the smallintestines, and the glandulse solitarire.
REVERHORST, MAURICE VAN, a Dutch anatomist, and professor at the Hague. His work, "De Motu Bills Circulari," was published in 4to., Leyden, 1692; svo., without date; 8vo., 1696; with Nuck's "Sialographia et Adenographia Curiosa," 8vo., Leyden, 1722, 1723. In this work Reverhorst gives plates of the liver, and maintains that a considerable portion of the bile is reabsorbed by the intestinal vessels.
RUYSCH, FREDERIC, a Dutch anatomist and naturalist, born at the Hague in 1638, died in 1731. His works are numerous, but consist in great part of accounts of the preparations in his museum: they were collected and published at Amsterdam in 1721 ("Opera Omnia Anatomico-medico-chirurgica," 4to.); and a better edition, 5 vols. 4to., Amsterdam, 1737. To this is added a "Historia vitse et meritorum Frederici Ruysch," by J. F. Schreiber; and an admirable Index by Ysbrand Gysbert Arlebout. Ruysch learnt the use of the syringe from De Graaf, and the art of injecting with wax from Swammerdam, and made good use of these means, but never divulged his processes. His preparations, in making which he was assisted by his daughters, were celebrated all over Europe; Boerhaave studied from them, and made them the ground of his vascular theory. Ruysch was little more than an anatomical artist, but in this respect his patience and neatness were wonderful. His great fault was said to be a want of reading, and of acquaintance with what had been done by others. He was an author for seventy years, and never flagged in his labors. Although aspiring to no other position than a collector of facts,--and Haller justly says of him that he was "simplex totus et a ratiocinio remotus,"--yet he recognized the importance of a higher branch of enquiry; for he says: "Ego totus in eo sum, et omnes nerves intendo, ut quantum in me est, veram constitutionem perscruter, exspectans ut alii circa usum idem sint facturi. Difficile enim mihi jam utrique negotio incumbere." ("Thes. Anat." II.)
SCHURIG, MARTIN, a physician living at Dresden about the beginning of the LBth century. His works were published between 1720 and 1744. His "Chylologia Historico-medica, sive chyli humani, seu succi hominis nutritii consideratio physico-medico-forensis," was published in 4to., Dresden, 1725. Swedenborg appears to have made considerable use of this learned compilation, as supplying accounts of certain remarkable diseases and diseased conditions, such as adipsia, asitia, pica, nausea and antipathies, catalepsy, ecstasis, and c.
SENAC, JEAN BAPTISTE, a French physician, born in the diocese of Lombez, in Gascony, in 1693, died in 1770. Senac published a translation of Heister's "Compendium Anatomicum," with physiological comments: viz., "L'Anatomie d'Heister, avec des Essais de Physique sur l'Usage des Parties du Corps humain, et sur le Mechanisme de leurs Mouvemens. Enrichie de Nouvelles Figures," and c.; 8vo., Paris, 1724; 8vo., Paris, 1735; 3 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1753. Haller speaks of an English translation, 8vo., 1734. (See "Animal Kingdom," vol. II., p. 304, 305.)
SWAMMERDAM, or SCHWAMMERDAM, JOHN, a celebrated Dutch anatomist and entomologist, born at Amsterdam in 1637, died at the same place in 1680. I. His inaugural dissertation, "Tractatus physico-medicus de respiratione usuque pulmonum," was published in 8vo., Leyden, 1667, 1677, 1679; 4to., 1738; and in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica." II. His "Biblia Naturre, sive Historia Insectorum, in classes certas reducta, and c.," was published in folio, Leyden, 1737, in Dutch and Latin, with a life of the author by Boerhaave, who bought the manuscript of the work, and printed it at his own expense. The Latin version was executed by H. D. Gaubius, respecting whom Boerhaave says: "perhaps it would have been a hard matter, if not impossible, to find another translator equal to the task." The work was translated into English, folio, London, 1758. ("The Book of Nature; or the History of Insects: reduced to distinct classes, and c. Translated from the Dutch and Latin original edition, by Thomas Flloyd. Revised and improved by notes from Reaumur and others, by John Hill, M.D.") Swammerdam introduced the use of wax injections, and invented the now received method of making dry preparations of hollow organs. He was an admirable microscopist, and dissector of minute objects, and employed many peculiar and ingenious instruments and methods in his researches. Notwithstanding his experimental studies, he appears in the "Biblia Naturre" to have constantly had in view the end of displaying the wisdom and power of God as manifested in the animal creation. In the latter part of his life he became a follower of Madame Bourignon, and an admirer of Jacob Behmen, and ultimately forsook all his physical and anatomical studies, in order to attend to his spiritual concerns.
VERHEYEN, PHILIP, a celebrated Belgian anatomist, born at Vesbrouck in Brabant in 1648, died at Louvain in 1710. His "Corporis Humani Anatomia" was first published in 4to., Louvain, 1693; and in 8vo., Leipsic. 1699, 1716. The author subsequently much improved the work, which afterwards appeared with the title: "Corporis humani Anatomise liber primus. Editio secunda ab Authore recognita, novisque observationibus et inventis pluribusque figuris aucta," 4to., Brussels, 1710; and with a second volume, viz.: "Supplementum Anatomicum sive Anatomiae Corporis Humani liber secundus," 4to., ibid., 1710: it was reprinted in 2 vols. 4to., Brussels, 1726; 2 vols. 4to., Naples, 1717 and 1734; 2 vols. 8vo., Leipsic, 1731: the Supplement alone, 8vo., Amsterdam, 1731. This manual superseded that of T. Bartholin; and met with great success, being the anatomical textbook for a considerable period. It is written in a clear and occasionally elegant style, and was certainly the best work on anatomy that had then appeared. Morgagni and Heister attacked it on the score of inaccuracy and want of information, but without perhaps making due allowances, or sufficiently admitting the usefulness of the book in its own generation. Haller regards the supplement as the most valuable of the author's works. Verheyen's motto, written by himself, is as follows: "Philippus Verheyen medicine doctor et professor, partem sui materialem hic in csemeterio condi voluit, ne templum dehonestaret, ant nocivis halitibus inficeret. Requiescat in pace."
VIEUSSENS, RAYMOND, a French physician and anatomist, born at Rovergue in 1641, died at Montpellier in 1716. His "Neurographia Universalis; hoc est, omnium corporis humani nervorum, simul sc cerebri, medullaeque spinalis descriptio anatomica," was published in folio, Lyons, 1685; 8vo., Frankfort and Ulm, 1690, not so good an edition as the former; in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica;" folio, Lyons, 1761; 4to., Tolosa, 1775; 4to., Lyons, 1774. Vieussens' "Neurographia" was incomparably more ample and faithful than anything on the subject that had been done before it. Haller describes Vieussens as a man of unwearied industry, who pursued his researches on the brain and nerves, which had hitherto been studied almost exclusively in the lower animals, in the human subject; and whose contributions to anatomy were most important. The reader of the "Animal Kingdom" will find much vigorous thought in the "Neurographia," particularly on the subject of the animal spirits, respecting which our author has treated at length in several chapters; as, "De natura et necessitate spiritus animalis, in quo de succo nervosa disseritur," lib. i., cap. xv.: A De materia spiritus animalis, de loco, et vera productionis illius ratione," ibid., cap. xviii. "De dispensatione spiritus animalis," and c., ibid., cap. xix.: "L De differentiis motuum, qui spiritus animalis ope peraguntur, in quo distincti ipsius fontes explicantur," ibid., cap. xx. On the points treated of in these chapters, the views of Swedenborg agree in great part with those of Vieussens.
WEDELIUS, JOANNES ADOLPHUR, a professor at Jena, born at that place in 1675, time and place of death unknown. He was the author of a number of dissertations in the form of theses. His "Propempticon de valvulii venre subclavia: ductui thoracico imposita," was published in 4to., Jena, 1714; and again by Haller in his "Disputationes anatomies selectse," 7 vols. 4to., Gottingen, 1746-1752.
WILLIS, THOMAS, an English physician and anatomist, born at Great Bedwin in Wiltshire in 1621, died in London in 1675. I. His "Cerebri Anatome cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus," was published in 4to., London, 1664; 8vo., 1670; 12mo., Amsterdam, 1664, 1667, 1674, 1676, 1683; and in Manget's "Bibliotheca Anatomica." This was Willis's principal work: and contained a new method of dissecting the brain, and a much more accurate account of its anatomy than had been given previously: it also contained the germs of those modern views of the physiology of the brain which are adopted by phrenologists. The idea of the brain being a congeries of organs is distinctly recognized. Willis, like Swedenborg, makes the cerebrum the seat of the voluntary movements and intellectual faculties; the cerebellum, of the involuntary movements, as those of the heart. In common with nearly all the great anatomists of former times, Willis held the doctrine of the circulation of the animal spirits. II. His "Pharmaceutice Rationalis, seu diatriba de medicamentorum operatione in corpore humano," Part I., was published in 4to., Oxford, 1673; 12mo., Amsterdam, 1674; 12mo., the Haye, 1675: Part II., 4to., Oxford, 1675; 12mo., the Hague, 1677: both Parts, 8vo., Oxford, 1678 or 1679: in English, folio, 1679. This work contains a good dealof anatomical description. Willis's works were published collectively: viz., "Opera Omnia," folio, London, 1679; 4to., Lyons, 1676; 4to., Geneva, 1680; 4to., Amsterdam, 1682; folio, Venice, 1720: in English, 4to., 1681.
WINSLOW, JACSUES BENIGNE, a Danish anatomist, born at Odensee in the island of Funen in 1669, died at Paris in 1760. His "Exposition anatomique de la structure du corps humain," was published in 4to., Paris, 1732; 5 vols. 121no., ibid.; 4 vols. 12mo., Amsterdam, 1743; 4 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1776; in English, by Douglas, 2 vols. 4to., London, 1733, 1734, 1743, 1749; 2 vols. 8vo., Edinburgh, 1743: in Latin, 4 vols. 8vo., Frankfort, 1753; Svo., Venice, 1758. This treatise, in most of the departments of anatomy, superseded all former manuals. According to Haller, it is the common fountain from which the later, and the French anatomists especially, have gained their anatomy; and it is the model on which the generality of the text books of that science has since been constructed. Winslow changed his religion from Lutheran to Catholic on reading the works of Bossuet, and on this occasion Bossuet gave him the addition of Benigne to his name. Before his time anatomists generally took out of the body the parts they were about to examine, so that the relative situation and mutual connexion of the parts was lost and destroyed; and when the cellular tissue was taken away, the very shape was altered. Winslow has the distinguished merit of being the first who described all things in the body in situ and in nexu. He used to dissect the organs under water.
